%0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2011 %T {Too much of a good thing.} %A Sutton, Mark A. %A Oenema, Oene %A Erisman, Jan Willem %A Leip, Adrian %A van Grinsven, Hans %A Winiwarter, Wilfried %K agriculture %K Agriculture: economics %K Animals %K Biodiversity %K Climate Change %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Diet %K Environmental Pollution %K Environmental Pollution: adverse effects %K Environmental Pollution: analysis %K Environmental Pollution: economics %K Environmental Pollution: statistics {&} numerical da %K Fertilizers %K Fertilizers: analysis %K Food Supply %K Fossil Fuels %K Humans %K International Cooperation %K Meat %K Meat: utilization %K nitrogen %K Nitrogen Fixation %K Nitrogen: adverse effects %K Nitrogen: analysis %K Nitrogen: economics %K Nitrogen: metabolism %K Reactive Nitrogen Species %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: adverse effects %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: analysis %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: chemistry %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: metabolism %B Nature %V 472 %P 159–61 %8 apr %G eng %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478874 %R 10.1038/472159a %0 Journal Article %J Global Environmental Change %D 2014 %T {Food choices, health and environment: Effects of cutting Europe's meat and dairy intake} %A Westhoek, Henk %A Lesschen, J.P. Jan Peter %A Rood, Trudy %A Wagner, Susanne %A De Marco, Alessandra %A Murphy-bokern, Donal %A Leip, Adrian %A van Grinsven, Hans %A Sutton, Mark A. %A Oenema, Oene %K Dietary change %K Greenhouse gas emissions %K Human diet %K Land use %K Livestock %K Reactive nitrogen %X Western diets are characterised by a high intake of meat, dairy products and eggs, causing an intake of saturated fat and red meat in quantities that exceed dietary recommendations. The associated livestock production requires large areas of land and lead to high nitrogen and greenhouse gas emission levels. Although several studies have examined the potential impact of dietary changes on greenhouse gas emissions and land use, those on health, the agricultural system and other environmental aspects (such as nitrogen emissions) have only been studied to a limited extent. By using biophysical models and methods, we examined the large-scale consequences in the European Union of replacing 25-50{%} of animal-derived foods with plant-based foods on a dietary energy basis, assuming corresponding changes in production. We tested the effects of these alternative diets and found that halving the consumption of meat, dairy products and eggs in the European Union would achieve a 40{%} reduction in nitrogen emissions, 25-40{%} reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and 23{%} per capita less use of cropland for food production. In addition, the dietary changes would also lower health risks. The European Union would become a net exporter of cereals, while the use of soymeal would be reduced by 75{%}. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the food system would increase from the current 18{%} to between 41{%} and 47{%}, depending on choices made regarding land use. As agriculture is the major source of nitrogen pollution, this is expected to result in a significant improvement in both air and water quality in the EU. The resulting 40{%} reduction in the intake of saturated fat would lead to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality. These diet-led changes in food production patterns would have a large economic impact on livestock farmers and associated supply-chain actors, such as the feed industry and meat-processing sector. © 2014 The Authors. %B Global Environmental Change %I Elsevier Ltd %V 26 %P 196–205 %8 mar %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.004 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378014000338 %R 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.004 %0 Book %D 2015 %T {Nitrogen on the Table: The influence of food choices on nitrogen emissions and the European environment. (European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen and Food.)} %A Westhoek, Henk %A Lesschen, J.P. Jan Peter %A Leip, Adrian %A Rood, Trudy %A Wagner, Susanne %A De Marco, A. %A Murphy-bokern, Donal %A Pallière, C. %A Howard, Clare M %A Oenema, Oene %A Sutton, Mark A. %A Marco, De %I Centre for Ecology {&} Hydrology %C Edinburgh, UK %P 1–5 %@ 9781906698515 %G eng %U https://www.clrtap-tfrn.org/sites/clrtap-tfrn.org/files/documents/Nitrogen_on_the_Table_Report_WEB.pdf %0 Journal Article %J Nature Food %D 2020 %T {Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm} %A Kanter, David R %A Bartolini, Fabio %A Kugelberg, Susanna %A Leip, Adrian %A Oenema, Oene %A Uwizeye, Aimable %X Nitrogen is a crucial input to food production and yet its oversupply in many parts of the world contributes to a number of environmental problems. Most policies dedicated to reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution focus on changing farmer behaviour. However, farm-level policies are challenging to implement and farmers are just one of several actors in the agri-food chain. The activities of other actors — from fertilizer manufacturers to wastewater treatment companies — can also impact nitrogen losses at the farm level and beyond. Consequently, policymakers have a broader range of policy options than traditionally thought to address nitrogen pollution from field to fork. Inspired by the concept of full-chain nitrogen use efficiency, this Perspective introduces the major actors common in agri-food chains from a nitrogen standpoint, identifies nitrogen policies that could be targeted towards them and proposes several new criteria to guide ex-ante analysis of the feasibility and design of different policy interventions. Sustainably feeding ten billion people by 2050 will require fundamental changes in the global food system — a broad portfolio of policy options and a framework for how to select them is essential. %B Nature Food %V 1 %P 27–32 %8 jan %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5 http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-019-0001-5 %R 10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5