@article {63,
	title = {Nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore: the relative importance of atmospheric deposition and catchment sources},
	journal = {J. Limnol.},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {27-40},
	abstract = {Hydrological and chemical data of 1996 and 1997 are used to evaluate the relative contributions of atmospheric deposition and
urban/industrial wastewaters to the nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore. The atmospheric load of nitrogen was about 80\% of the total
input to the lake, with negligible variations in dry (1997) and wet (1996) years. A comparison of the two study years with the yearly
N budgets evaluated from 1978 to 1998, showed that the N load was higher with increasing amounts of precipitation/water inflow.
Soils and vegetation act as N sinks; the \% retention varies between 40-60\% for the forested catchments with low population density
in the central-northern part of the basin, to values close to zero or even negative in the south, indicating a net leaching from the
soils. The Traaen \& Stoddard (1995) approach revealed that all the catchments of the major inflowing rivers were oversaturated
with nitrogen. The long-term trend of nitrogen concentrations in Lago Maggiore (1955-99) is analogous to the trend for atmospheric
deposition (1975-99), which is related to emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the atmosphere. The relationships between
the present N load and in-lake concentrations are discussed using a budget model, which is also used to infer the pristine load of N.
The close relationships between N trends in lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo, and the geographical and anthropogenic features common
to their catchments, suggest that the results obtained for Lago Maggiore can be extended to a wider area.},
	keywords = {atmospheric deposition, catchment, Lago Maggiore, nitrogen budget, river water},
	author = {Mosello, R. , Calderoni A. , Marchetto A. , Brizzio M. C. , Rogora M. , Passera S. , Tartari. G. A.}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Nitrogen balance and mineral nitrogen content in the soil in a long experiment with maize under different systems of N fertilization.},
	journal = {Plant Soil Environment},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {554-559},
	abstract = {The effect of different systems of N fertilization on nitrogen balance and N transformation in the soil was studied in
long-term stationary experiments (1991{\textendash}2002) with successive growing of maize. Average dry matter yield for the control
without fertilization in the period 1991{\textendash}2002 was 11.67 t of dry matter per ha, which was by 2{\textendash}2.9 t less than for
fertilization treatments. Statistically significant differences between the control and fertilization treatments were determined
for the first time in the 4th experimental year. Average nitrogen uptake by the aboveground biomass was 116 kg N/ha
for the control, 162{\textendash}170 kg N/ha for fertilization treatments. All experimental treatments had a negative balance of N inputs
and outputs, and it was {\textendash}1394 kg N/ha for the control (for 12 experimental years). After the application of mineral
fertilizers, a lower content of total carbon and nitrogen was measured in the topsoil compared to the control and treatments
with organic fertilization. The changes in the nitrogen regime of soil were characterized by the content of extractable
nitrogen and carbon in extractions by 0.01M CaCl2. With respect to the content of mineral nitrogen and easily
extractable organic nitrogen and carbon in the topsoil the control was most stable followed by farmyard manure treatment.
Soil lysimeters were installed in these experiments (depth 60 cm, size 0.2 m2). For an eight-year period (1994/2002)
11.78 kg N-NO3 {\textendash}/ha were determined in lysimetric waters. These values for fertilization treatments ranged from 21.0 to
58.2 kg N-NO3 {\textendash}/ha. Straw application reduced nitrate contents in lysimetric waters.},
	keywords = {EPNB},
	author = {Balik, J and Cerny, J and Tlustos, P and Zitkova, M}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Nitrogen budget of a subalpine lake in North-Western Italy: the role of atmospheric input in the upward trend of nitrogen concentrations},
	journal = {Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2027-2030},
	author = {Rogora, M and Mosello R. and Calderoni A. and Barbieri A.}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union},
	journal = {Lifestock Science},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-272},
	abstract = {Manure management systems are conducive to nutrient and carbon losses, but the magnitude of the loss highly depends on the
nutrient element, the manure management system and the environmental conditions. This paper discusses manure management
systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27) and nutrient losses from these systems, with emphasis on
nitrogen (N). In general, losses decrease in the order: C, NNNSNK, Na, Cl, BNP, Ca, Mg, metals. Assessments made with the
integrated modeling tool MITERRA-EUROPE indicate that the total N excretion in 2000 by livestock in EU-27 was \~{}10,400 kton.
About 65\% of the total N excretion was collected in barns and stored for some time prior to application to agricultural land. Almost
30\% of the N excreted in barns was lost during storage; approximately 19\% via NH3 emissions, 7\% via emissions of NO, N2O and
N2, and 4\% via leaching and run-off. Differences between Member States in mean N losses from manure storages were large (range
19.5{\textendash}35\%). Another 19\% of the N excreted in animal housing systems was lost via NH3 emissions following the application of the
manure to land. The results indicate that maximally 52\% of the N excreted in barns was effectively recycled as plant nutrient.
Various emission abatement measures can be implemented and have been implemented already in some Member States to reduce
the emissions of NH3 and N2O, and the leaching of N and P. There is scope to reduce NH3 emissions by \~{}30\% relative to the
reference year 2000, although the uncertainty in estimated emissions and in the estimated effects of emission abatement measures is
relatively large.},
	keywords = {EPNB},
	author = {Oenema, O and Oudendag, D and Velthof, G. L}
}
@article {Leip2014,
	title = {{The nitrogen footprint of food products in the European Union}},
	journal = {The Journal of Agricultural Science},
	volume = {152},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {20{\textendash}33},
	keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen, online},
	issn = {0021-8596},
	doi = {10.1017/S0021859613000786},
	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0021859613000786},
	author = {Leip, Adrian and Weiss, Franz and Lesschen, Jan Peter and Westhoek, Henk}
}
@article {Leip2014b,
	title = {{Nitrogen-neutrality: a step towards sustainability}},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {115001},
	publisher = {IOP Publishing},
	keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115001},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/9/i=11/a=115001?key=crossref.e00563c757c6f69d0f81a98a7c54fa9c},
	author = {Leip, Adrian and Leach, Allison M. and Musinguzi, Patrick and Tumwesigye, Trust and Olupot, Giregon and Stephen Tenywa, John and Mudiope, Joseph and Hutton, Olivia and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and Bekunda, Mateete and Galloway, James N.}
}
@book {Westhoek2015,
	title = {{Nitrogen on the Table: The influence of food choices on nitrogen emissions and the European environment. (European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen and Food.)}},
	number = {April},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1{\textendash}5},
	publisher = {Centre for Ecology {\&} Hydrology},
	organization = {Centre for Ecology {\&} Hydrology},
	address = {Edinburgh, UK},
	isbn = {9781906698515},
	url = {https://www.clrtap-tfrn.org/sites/clrtap-tfrn.org/files/documents/Nitrogen_on_the_Table_Report_WEB.pdf},
	author = {Westhoek, Henk and Lesschen, J.P. Jan Peter and Leip, Adrian and Rood, Trudy and Wagner, Susanne and De Marco, A. and Murphy-bokern, Donal and Palli{\`e}re, C. and Howard, Clare M and Oenema, Oene and Sutton, Mark A. and Marco, De}
}
@book {FAO2018d,
	title = {{Nutrient flows and associated environmental impacts in livestock supply chains Guidelines for assessment (Version 1)}},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {196},
	publisher = {FAO},
	organization = {FAO},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/partnerships/leap/publications/en/}
}
@article {Leip2019a,
	title = {{Nitrogen Footprints}},
	journal = {Encyclopedia of Ecology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2012},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {370{\textendash}382},
	publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
	edition = {2},
	abstract = {N is one of essential element of life on earth, but it contributes in its reactive form to the global environmental problems that are already larger than our earth is able to cope with, and it expected further aggravate (Galloway and Leach, 2016) driven by the increasing demand of food products fuelled by growth of human population, rising incomes and urbanization. The quantification of N footprints at production level can support decision and policy making in the economy, by raising awareness of different stakeholders such as farmers, industrial actors, businesses, governments and scientists on the global threats of anthropogenic activities. These stakeholders have responsibility to reduce the environmental pressures by continuous improvement of the production system through technology and innovation. N footprint is also a tool to inform consumers on the impact of their lifestyle choices on the N pollution, which is essential to share the responsibility in protecting the planet. Raising awareness to all stakeholders and consumers at all levels will help to reduce the N footprint.},
	keywords = {agriculture, Consumption, Energy, Food, Footprints, nitrogen, Production},
	isbn = {9780124095489},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124095489107535},
	author = {Leip, Adrian and Uwizeye, Aimable}
}
@article {Uwizeye2020,
	title = {{Nitrogen emissions along global livestock supply chains}},
	journal = {Nature Food},
	year = {2020},
	month = {jul},
	issn = {2662-1355},
	doi = {10.1038/s43016-020-0113-y},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0113-y https://github.com/uaimable/Global{\_}Nitrogen{\_}assessment},
	author = {Uwizeye, Aimable and de Boer, Imke J. M. and Opio, Carolyn I and Schulte, Rogier P O and Falcucci, Alessandra and Tempio, Giuseppe and Teillard, F{\'e}lix and Casu, Flavia and Rulli, Monica and Galloway, James N and Leip, Adrian and Erisman, Jan Willem and Robinson, Timothy P and Steinfeld, Henning and Gerber, Pierre J}
}
@article {Kanter2019,
	title = {{Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm}},
	journal = {Nature Food},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2020},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {27{\textendash}32},
	abstract = {Nitrogen is a crucial input to food production and yet its oversupply in many parts of the world contributes to a number of environmental problems. Most policies dedicated to reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution focus on changing farmer behaviour. However, farm-level policies are challenging to implement and farmers are just one of several actors in the agri-food chain. The activities of other actors {\textemdash} from fertilizer manufacturers to wastewater treatment companies {\textemdash} can also impact nitrogen losses at the farm level and beyond. Consequently, policymakers have a broader range of policy options than traditionally thought to address nitrogen pollution from field to fork. Inspired by the concept of full-chain nitrogen use efficiency, this Perspective introduces the major actors common in agri-food chains from a nitrogen standpoint, identifies nitrogen policies that could be targeted towards them and proposes several new criteria to guide ex-ante analysis of the feasibility and design of different policy interventions. Sustainably feeding ten billion people by 2050 will require fundamental changes in the global food system {\textemdash} a broad portfolio of policy options and a framework for how to select them is essential.},
	issn = {2662-1355},
	doi = {10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5 http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-019-0001-5},
	author = {Kanter, David R and Bartolini, Fabio and Kugelberg, Susanna and Leip, Adrian and Oenema, Oene and Uwizeye, Aimable}
}
@article {geupel_national_2021,
	title = {A {National} {Nitrogen} {Target} for {Germany}},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1121},
	abstract = {The anthropogenic nitrogen cycle is characterized by a high complexity. Different reactive nitrogen species (NH3, NH4+, NO, NO2, NO3-, and N2O) are set free by a large variety of anthropogenic activities and cause numerous negative impacts on the environment. The complex nature of the nitrogen cycle hampers public awareness of the nitrogen problem. To overcome this issue and to enhance the sensitivity for policy action, we developed a new, impact-based integrated national target for nitrogen (INTN) for Germany. It is based on six impact indicators, for which we derived the maximum amount of nitrogen losses allowed in each environmental sector to reach related state indicators on a spatial average for Germany. The resulting target sets a limit of nitrogen emissions in Germany of 1053 Gg N yr-1. It could serve as a similar means on the national level as the planetary boundary for reactive nitrogen or the 1.5 {\textopenbullet}C target of the climate community on the global level. Taking related uncertainties into account, the resulting integrated nitrogen target of 1053 Gg N yr-1 suggests a comprehensible INTN of 1000 Gg N yr-1 for Germany. Compared to the current situation, the overall annual loss of reactive nitrogen in Germany would have to be reduced by approximately one-third.},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	doi = {10.3390/su13031121},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1121},
	author = {Geupel, Markus and Heldstab, J{\"u}rg and Sch{\"a}ppi, Bettina and Reutimann, Judith and Bach, Martin and H{\"a}u{\ss}ermann, Uwe and Knoll, Lukas and Klement, Laura and Breuer, Lutz}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Nitrogen Opportunities for Agriculture, Food \& Environment: UNECE Guidance Document on Integrated Sustainable Nitrogen Management},
	year = {2022},
	type = {Natalie},
	isbn = {978-1-906698-78-2},
	author = {Mark Sutton and Clare M. Howard and Kate E. Mason and Will Brownlie and Claudia Cordovil}
}
