@article {60,
	title = {Synchronous trends in N-NO3 export from N-saturated river catchments in relation to climate},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {251-268},
	abstract = {Long term trends (1978{\textendash}2005) of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations in river water were investigated for 10 rivers draining forested catchments in Piedmont, North-Western Italy, and Canton Ticino, Switzerland. All the river catchments come into the category of the medium-high stage of N saturation (levels 2{\textendash}3 of the Stoddard{\textquoteright}s classification). The seasonal signal in N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations and its changes in time over the course of the study period was also evaluated. Single trends were analysed for significance and magnitude; statistical techniques for the detection of common trends were then applied to identify a common pattern in the N{\textendash}NO3 time series. Both the increasing NO3 levels and the limited seasonal pattern in recent years indicate an aggrading level of N saturation in time. Synchronous trends of N{\textendash}NO3 export were found for 8 rivers. The main common trend was used to test relationships with: (i) temperature, (ii) precipitation, and (iii) N deposition.
Step-changes in the data series were also assessed, and the main points of change are discussed in relation to meteorological factors and response to the N saturation status. Temperature proved to be the main factor affecting the temporal pattern of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations: warm periods were usually followed by an N{\textendash}NO3 increase in river water due to enhanced mineralisation and nitrification in soil.},
	keywords = {Climate, Nitrate, Nitrogen saturation, Northern Italy, Trend, Water chemistry},
	author = {Rogora M.}
}
@article {Hutton2017,
	title = {{Toward a nitrogen footprint calculator for Tanzania}},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.We present the first nitrogen footprint model for a developing country: Tanzania. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for agriculture and human nutrition, but in excess it can cause serious environmental damage. The Sub-Saharan African nation of Tanzania faces a two-sided nitrogen problem: while there is not enough soil nitrogen to produce adequate food, excess nitrogen that escapes into the environment causes a cascade of ecological and human health problems. To identify, quantify, and contribute to solving these problems, this paper presents a nitrogen footprint tool for Tanzania. This nitrogen footprint tool is a concept originally designed for the United States of America (USA) and other developed countries. It uses personal resource consumption data to calculate a per-capita nitrogen footprint. The Tanzania N footprint tool is a version adapted to reflect the low-input, integrated agricultural system of Tanzania. This is reflected by calculating two sets of virtual N factors to describe N losses during food production: one for fertilized farms and one for unfertilized farms. Soil mining factors are also calculated for the first time to address the amount of N removed from the soil to produce food. The average per-capita nitrogen footprint of Tanzania is 10 kg N yr-1. 88{\%} of this footprint is due to food consumption and production, while only 12{\%} of the footprint is due to energy use. Although 91{\%} of farms in Tanzania are unfertilized, the large contribution of fertilized farms to N losses causes unfertilized farms to make up just 83{\%} of the food production N footprint. In a developing country like Tanzania, the main audiences for the N footprint tool are community leaders, planners, and developers who can impact decision-making and use the calculator to plan positive changes for nitrogen sustainability in the developing world.},
	keywords = {nitrogen, nitrogen footprint, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania},
	issn = {17489326},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5c42},
	author = {Hutton, M.O. and Leach, Allison M. and Leip, Adrian and Galloway, James N. and Bekunda, M. and Sullivan, C. and Lesschen, J.P.}
}
