@article {63, title = {Nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore: the relative importance of atmospheric deposition and catchment sources}, journal = {J. Limnol.}, volume = {60}, year = {2001}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Hydrological and chemical data of 1996 and 1997 are used to evaluate the relative contributions of atmospheric deposition and urban/industrial wastewaters to the nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore. The atmospheric load of nitrogen was about 80\% of the total input to the lake, with negligible variations in dry (1997) and wet (1996) years. A comparison of the two study years with the yearly N budgets evaluated from 1978 to 1998, showed that the N load was higher with increasing amounts of precipitation/water inflow. Soils and vegetation act as N sinks; the \% retention varies between 40-60\% for the forested catchments with low population density in the central-northern part of the basin, to values close to zero or even negative in the south, indicating a net leaching from the soils. The Traaen \& Stoddard (1995) approach revealed that all the catchments of the major inflowing rivers were oversaturated with nitrogen. The long-term trend of nitrogen concentrations in Lago Maggiore (1955-99) is analogous to the trend for atmospheric deposition (1975-99), which is related to emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the atmosphere. The relationships between the present N load and in-lake concentrations are discussed using a budget model, which is also used to infer the pristine load of N. The close relationships between N trends in lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo, and the geographical and anthropogenic features common to their catchments, suggest that the results obtained for Lago Maggiore can be extended to a wider area.}, keywords = {atmospheric deposition, catchment, Lago Maggiore, nitrogen budget, river water}, author = {Mosello, R. , Calderoni A. , Marchetto A. , Brizzio M. C. , Rogora M. , Passera S. , Tartari. G. A.} } @article {88, title = {GROSS NITROGEN BALANCES HANDBOOK}, year = {2007}, month = {10/2007}, pages = {24}, institution = {OECD, EUROSTAT}, keywords = {agriculture, methodology, nitrogen, nutrient}, url = {http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_33793_1_1_1_1_1,00.html}, author = {OECD} } @article {60, title = {Synchronous trends in N-NO3 export from N-saturated river catchments in relation to climate}, journal = {Biogeochemistry}, volume = {86}, year = {2007}, pages = {251-268}, abstract = {Long term trends (1978{\textendash}2005) of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations in river water were investigated for 10 rivers draining forested catchments in Piedmont, North-Western Italy, and Canton Ticino, Switzerland. All the river catchments come into the category of the medium-high stage of N saturation (levels 2{\textendash}3 of the Stoddard{\textquoteright}s classification). The seasonal signal in N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations and its changes in time over the course of the study period was also evaluated. Single trends were analysed for significance and magnitude; statistical techniques for the detection of common trends were then applied to identify a common pattern in the N{\textendash}NO3 time series. Both the increasing NO3 levels and the limited seasonal pattern in recent years indicate an aggrading level of N saturation in time. Synchronous trends of N{\textendash}NO3 export were found for 8 rivers. The main common trend was used to test relationships with: (i) temperature, (ii) precipitation, and (iii) N deposition. Step-changes in the data series were also assessed, and the main points of change are discussed in relation to meteorological factors and response to the N saturation status. Temperature proved to be the main factor affecting the temporal pattern of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations: warm periods were usually followed by an N{\textendash}NO3 increase in river water due to enhanced mineralisation and nitrification in soil.}, keywords = {Climate, Nitrate, Nitrogen saturation, Northern Italy, Trend, Water chemistry}, author = {Rogora M.} } @article {78, title = {Ammonia in the environment: From ancient times to the present}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {156}, year = {2008}, pages = {583-604}, abstract = {Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.}, keywords = {Air chemistry, Alchemy, Deposition, Emissions, EPNB, NH3 sal ammoniac, Nushadir}, author = {Mark A. Sutton and Jan Willem Erisman and Frank Dentener and Detlev M{\"o}ller} } @article {62, title = {The water chemistry of Northern Patagonian lakes and their nitrogen status in comparison with remote lakes in different regions of the globe}, journal = {J. Limnol. }, volume = {67}, year = {2008}, pages = {75-86}, abstract = {Eighteen small shallow lakes located in the Northern Patagonian Lake District, in southern South America, were sampled in 2001 and analysed for the main chemical variables (pH, conductivity, alkalinity, major ions and nutrients). The study lakes span a wide geographical and altitudinal range and belong partly to the Pacific and partly to the Atlantic watershed. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between water chemistry and physical/geographical properties of these lakes. Secondly, the nitrogen content of the lakes was considered in detail, and results compared to those obtained in previous studies carried out in other remote areas of the globe (the Central Southern Alps in Italy, the Sierra da Estrela region in Portugal, the Svalbard Islands in the Arctic, the Khumbu-Himal region in Nepal, and the Terra Nova Bay area in Antarctica). In the Alps, lakes are characterised by markedly high nitrogen concentrations, manly as nitrate, due to the high inputs of nitrogen compounds from downwind sources like the Po Plain in Northern Italy. Conversely, lakes at remote locations such as the Andes, Antarctica and Himalaya are characterised by a low nitrogen content, mainly as organic nitrogen. This status is related to the limited atmospheric inputs of nitrogen affecting these regions.}, keywords = {Alps, Antarctica, atmospheric deposition, Nepal, Nitrate}, author = {Rogora, M and Massaferro J. and Marchetto A. and Tartari G. A. and Mosello R.} } @article {Leip2011b, title = {{Farm, land, and soil nitrogen budgets for agriculture in Europe calculated with CAPRI}}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {159}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {3243{\textendash}3253}, abstract = {We calculated farm, land, and soil N-budgets for countries in Europe and the EU27 as a whole using the agro-economic model CAPRI. For EU27, N-surplus is 55 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in a soil budget and 65 kg N 2O-N ha -1 yr -1 and 67 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in land and farm budgets, respectively. NUE is 31{\%} for the farm budget, 60{\%} for the land budget and 63{\%} for the soil budget. NS values are mainly related to the excretion (farm budget) and application (soil and land budget) of manure per hectare of total agricultural land. On the other hand, NUE is best explained by the specialization of the agricultural system toward animal production (farm NUE) or the share of imported feedstuff (soil NUE). Total N input, intensive farming, and the specialization to animal production are found to be the main drivers for a high NS and low NUE. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {agriculture, Europe, Nitrogen budgets, Nitrogen use efficiency, Nutrient balances}, issn = {02697491}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.040}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.040}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Britz, Wolfgang and Weiss, Franz and De Vries, Wim} } @article {Sutton2011a, title = {{Too much of a good thing.}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {472}, number = {7342}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {159{\textendash}61}, keywords = {agriculture, Agriculture: economics, Animals, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diet, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: economics, Environmental Pollution: statistics {\&} numerical da, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Food Supply, Fossil Fuels, Humans, International Cooperation, Meat, Meat: utilization, nitrogen, Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen: adverse effects, Nitrogen: analysis, Nitrogen: economics, Nitrogen: metabolism, Reactive Nitrogen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species: adverse effects, Reactive Nitrogen Species: analysis, Reactive Nitrogen Species: chemistry, Reactive Nitrogen Species: metabolism}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/472159a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478874}, author = {Sutton, Mark A. and Oenema, Oene and Erisman, Jan Willem and Leip, Adrian and van Grinsven, Hans and Winiwarter, Wilfried} } @article {Leip2014, title = {{The nitrogen footprint of food products in the European Union}}, journal = {The Journal of Agricultural Science}, volume = {152}, number = {S1}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {20{\textendash}33}, keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen, online}, issn = {0021-8596}, doi = {10.1017/S0021859613000786}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0021859613000786}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Weiss, Franz and Lesschen, Jan Peter and Westhoek, Henk} } @article {Leip2014b, title = {{Nitrogen-neutrality: a step towards sustainability}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {115001}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen}, issn = {1748-9326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115001}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/9/i=11/a=115001?key=crossref.e00563c757c6f69d0f81a98a7c54fa9c}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Leach, Allison M. and Musinguzi, Patrick and Tumwesigye, Trust and Olupot, Giregon and Stephen Tenywa, John and Mudiope, Joseph and Hutton, Olivia and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and Bekunda, Mateete and Galloway, James N.} } @article {Ozbek2015, title = {{Estimating the gross nitrogen budget under soil nitrogen stock changes: A case study for Turkey}}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment}, volume = {205}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {48{\textendash}56}, keywords = {agricultural production, budget, carbon, mypublications, nitrogen, soil}, issn = {01678809}, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880915000924}, author = {{\"O}zbek, Fethi {\c S}aban and Leip, Adrian} } @article {Hutton2017, title = {{Toward a nitrogen footprint calculator for Tanzania}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.We present the first nitrogen footprint model for a developing country: Tanzania. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for agriculture and human nutrition, but in excess it can cause serious environmental damage. The Sub-Saharan African nation of Tanzania faces a two-sided nitrogen problem: while there is not enough soil nitrogen to produce adequate food, excess nitrogen that escapes into the environment causes a cascade of ecological and human health problems. To identify, quantify, and contribute to solving these problems, this paper presents a nitrogen footprint tool for Tanzania. This nitrogen footprint tool is a concept originally designed for the United States of America (USA) and other developed countries. It uses personal resource consumption data to calculate a per-capita nitrogen footprint. The Tanzania N footprint tool is a version adapted to reflect the low-input, integrated agricultural system of Tanzania. This is reflected by calculating two sets of virtual N factors to describe N losses during food production: one for fertilized farms and one for unfertilized farms. Soil mining factors are also calculated for the first time to address the amount of N removed from the soil to produce food. The average per-capita nitrogen footprint of Tanzania is 10 kg N yr-1. 88{\%} of this footprint is due to food consumption and production, while only 12{\%} of the footprint is due to energy use. Although 91{\%} of farms in Tanzania are unfertilized, the large contribution of fertilized farms to N losses causes unfertilized farms to make up just 83{\%} of the food production N footprint. In a developing country like Tanzania, the main audiences for the N footprint tool are community leaders, planners, and developers who can impact decision-making and use the calculator to plan positive changes for nitrogen sustainability in the developing world.}, keywords = {nitrogen, nitrogen footprint, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania}, issn = {17489326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5c42}, author = {Hutton, M.O. and Leach, Allison M. and Leip, Adrian and Galloway, James N. and Bekunda, M. and Sullivan, C. and Lesschen, J.P.} } @article {Leip2019a, title = {{Nitrogen Footprints}}, journal = {Encyclopedia of Ecology}, volume = {4}, number = {2012}, year = {2019}, pages = {370{\textendash}382}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, edition = {2}, abstract = {N is one of essential element of life on earth, but it contributes in its reactive form to the global environmental problems that are already larger than our earth is able to cope with, and it expected further aggravate (Galloway and Leach, 2016) driven by the increasing demand of food products fuelled by growth of human population, rising incomes and urbanization. The quantification of N footprints at production level can support decision and policy making in the economy, by raising awareness of different stakeholders such as farmers, industrial actors, businesses, governments and scientists on the global threats of anthropogenic activities. These stakeholders have responsibility to reduce the environmental pressures by continuous improvement of the production system through technology and innovation. N footprint is also a tool to inform consumers on the impact of their lifestyle choices on the N pollution, which is essential to share the responsibility in protecting the planet. Raising awareness to all stakeholders and consumers at all levels will help to reduce the N footprint.}, keywords = {agriculture, Consumption, Energy, Food, Footprints, nitrogen, Production}, isbn = {9780124095489}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124095489107535}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Uwizeye, Aimable} } @article {AdrianLeip, title = {{The value of manure - manure as co-product in life cycle assessment}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {241}, number = {March}, year = {2019}, month = {jul}, pages = {293{\textendash}304}, publisher = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Allocation, Fertilizer, Life cycle assessment, Livestock supply chains, Manure, Nutrients}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.059}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479719303627}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Ledgart, Stewart and Uwizeye, Aimable and Palhares, Julio C.P. and Aller, Fernanda and Amon, Barbara and Binder, Michael and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and Dong, Hongming and Fusi, Alessandra and Helin, Janne and H{\"o}rtenhuber, Stefan and Hristov, Alexander N. and Koelsch, Richard and Liu, Chunjiang and Masso, Cargele and Nkongolo, Nsalambi V. and Patra, Amlan K. and Redding, Matthew R. and Rufino, Mariana C. and Sakrabani, Ruben and Thoma, Greg and Vert{\`e}s, Fran{\c c}oise and Wang, Ying and Ledgard, Stewart and Uwizeye, Aimable and Palhares, Julio C.P. and Aller, M. Fernanda and Amon, Barbara and Binder, Michael and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and De Camillis, Camillo and Dong, Hongming and Fusi, Alessandra and Helin, Janne and H{\"o}rtenhuber, Stefan and Hristov, Alexander N. and Koelsch, Richard and Liu, Chunjiang and Masso, Cargele and Nkongolo, Nsalambi V. and Patra, Amlan K. and Redding, Matthew R. and Rufino, Mariana C. and Sakrabani, Ruben and Thoma, Greg and Vert{\`e}s, Fran{\c c}oise and Wang, Ying} }