@article {70, title = {Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction{\textemdash}invited paper}, journal = {European Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {15}, year = {2001}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere are considered a threat to the environment and both United Nation treaty and European Union legislation increasingly limit emissions. Livestock farming is the major source of atmospheric NH3 in Europe and field applied manure contributes significantly to the emission of NH3 from agriculture. This paper presents a review of studies of NH3 emission from field-applied animal manure and of the methods available for its reduction. It is shown that there is a complex relationship between the NH3 emission rate from slurry and the slurry composition, soil conditions and climate. It is concluded that simple empirical models cannot be used to predict ammonia emission from the wide range of circumstances found in European agriculture and that a more mechanistic approach is required. NH3 emission from applied solid manure and poultry manure has been studied less intensively than slurry but appear to be controlled by similar mechanisms. The use of trail hoses, pre- or post-application cultivation, reduction in slurry viscosity, choice of application rate and timing and slurry injection were considered as reduction techniques. The most effective methods of reducing ammonia emissions were concluded to be incorporation of the animal slurry and farmyard manure or slurry injection. Incorporation should be as close to the application as possible, especially after slurry application, as loss rates are high in the 1st hours after application. Injection is a very efficient reduction technique, provided the slurry is applied at rates that can be contained in the furrows made by the injector tine.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Sommer, S. G, Hutchings, N. J} } @article {73, title = {A detailed ammonia emission inventory for Denmark}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {35}, year = {2001}, abstract = {This paper describes the method used to create an ammonia inventory for Denmark and presents the emission factors used and their justi"cation. The total Danish emission for 1996 was 92,700 t NH4-N, with agriculture accounting for nearly 99\%. Emissions from animal manure accounted for 76\% of agricultural emissions. We conclude that there will be a continued demand for inventories based on emission factors, despite their lack of physical and chemical realism, but that they will become more complex. This will place increased demands on the statistical information available and on the knowledge of the underlying science.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Hutchings, N. J and Sommer, S. G and Andersen, J. M and Asman, W. A. H} } @article {63, title = {Nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore: the relative importance of atmospheric deposition and catchment sources}, journal = {J. Limnol.}, volume = {60}, year = {2001}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Hydrological and chemical data of 1996 and 1997 are used to evaluate the relative contributions of atmospheric deposition and urban/industrial wastewaters to the nitrogen budget of Lago Maggiore. The atmospheric load of nitrogen was about 80\% of the total input to the lake, with negligible variations in dry (1997) and wet (1996) years. A comparison of the two study years with the yearly N budgets evaluated from 1978 to 1998, showed that the N load was higher with increasing amounts of precipitation/water inflow. Soils and vegetation act as N sinks; the \% retention varies between 40-60\% for the forested catchments with low population density in the central-northern part of the basin, to values close to zero or even negative in the south, indicating a net leaching from the soils. The Traaen \& Stoddard (1995) approach revealed that all the catchments of the major inflowing rivers were oversaturated with nitrogen. The long-term trend of nitrogen concentrations in Lago Maggiore (1955-99) is analogous to the trend for atmospheric deposition (1975-99), which is related to emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the atmosphere. The relationships between the present N load and in-lake concentrations are discussed using a budget model, which is also used to infer the pristine load of N. The close relationships between N trends in lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo, and the geographical and anthropogenic features common to their catchments, suggest that the results obtained for Lago Maggiore can be extended to a wider area.}, keywords = {atmospheric deposition, catchment, Lago Maggiore, nitrogen budget, river water}, author = {Mosello, R. , Calderoni A. , Marchetto A. , Brizzio M. C. , Rogora M. , Passera S. , Tartari. G. A.} } @article {67, title = {Nitrogen balance and mineral nitrogen content in the soil in a long experiment with maize under different systems of N fertilization.}, journal = {Plant Soil Environment}, volume = {49}, year = {2003}, pages = {554-559}, abstract = {The effect of different systems of N fertilization on nitrogen balance and N transformation in the soil was studied in long-term stationary experiments (1991{\textendash}2002) with successive growing of maize. Average dry matter yield for the control without fertilization in the period 1991{\textendash}2002 was 11.67 t of dry matter per ha, which was by 2{\textendash}2.9 t less than for fertilization treatments. Statistically significant differences between the control and fertilization treatments were determined for the first time in the 4th experimental year. Average nitrogen uptake by the aboveground biomass was 116 kg N/ha for the control, 162{\textendash}170 kg N/ha for fertilization treatments. All experimental treatments had a negative balance of N inputs and outputs, and it was {\textendash}1394 kg N/ha for the control (for 12 experimental years). After the application of mineral fertilizers, a lower content of total carbon and nitrogen was measured in the topsoil compared to the control and treatments with organic fertilization. The changes in the nitrogen regime of soil were characterized by the content of extractable nitrogen and carbon in extractions by 0.01M CaCl2. With respect to the content of mineral nitrogen and easily extractable organic nitrogen and carbon in the topsoil the control was most stable followed by farmyard manure treatment. Soil lysimeters were installed in these experiments (depth 60 cm, size 0.2 m2). For an eight-year period (1994/2002) 11.78 kg N-NO3 {\textendash}/ha were determined in lysimetric waters. These values for fertilization treatments ranged from 21.0 to 58.2 kg N-NO3 {\textendash}/ha. Straw application reduced nitrate contents in lysimetric waters.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Balik, J and Cerny, J and Tlustos, P and Zitkova, M} } @article {75, title = {Processes controlling ammonia emission from livestock slurry in the field}, journal = {European Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {19}, year = {2003}, pages = {465-486}, abstract = {The processes of NH3 emission from field-applied slurry are reviewed and their relative importance assessed. In achieving this objective, the study served to focus on a number of features that have not previously been highlighted. These include the effect of the size of the area to which slurry is applied, the interaction between solar radiation input and wind speed, the role of the solid chemistry and the interaction between slurry NH4 and the slurry/soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). The most important processes controlling NH3 volatilisation were considered to be turbulent and molecular diffusion in the atmosphere, meteorological processes controlling evaporation and surface temperature, the ion production and buffering processes controlling the pH of the slurry/soil liquid, the solid chemistry that determines precipitation of NH4 to slurry dry matter, the physical processes controlling the movement of slurry liquid into and within the soil, and the interaction of slurry liquid with soil CEC.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Sommer, S. G and Genermont, S and Cellier, P and Hutchings, N. J and Olesen, J. E, Morvan, T} } @article {66, title = {Reducing nitrogen surplus from dairy farms. Effects of feeding and management.}, journal = {Livestock Production Science}, year = {2003}, pages = {165-178}, abstract = {The objective of the present paper is to review the factors which can affect N flow and surplus both at farm and at cow level in order to point out areas with scope for future improvement. Special attention is given to management factors and feeding. Besides information from the literature the paper is based on meta-analyses of our own and published results. With regard to effects of production systems, mainly Danish surveys have been chosen as examples demonstrating the effects obtained under practical conditions. A positive correlation between stocking rate and N surplus per hectare at farm gate level is demonstrated, but there is also a considerable variation in N surplus per hectare at a given stocking rate. A number of factors influencing N surplus and loss have been identified, and their impact on N surplus and production efficiency has been estimated. N excretion per animal is an important factor for N turnover at farm level. Analysis of herd data indicates that feeding strategy, breed and milk yield, together with energy conversion and the protein content of the diet, are important factors explaining N excretion and N efficiency of cows. Reduction of N intake by optimal synchronisation of energy and protein supply over time, especially in pasture-based systems, is one way of reducing N excretion from cows. Furthermore, the ideal profile of absorbed amino acids should be identified, and models to estimate amino acid supply to the intestine should be further improved. The effect of reducing N excretion from cows has to be evaluated at farm level as manure is used as fertiliser for crop production. Overall, it seems possible to reduce the N surplus through better management and feeding without reducing production efficiency.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Borsting, C. F and Kristensen, T and Misciattelli, L and Hvelplund, T and Weisbjerg, M. R} } @article {64, title = {AMMONIA EMISSION FROM MINERAL}, journal = {Advances in Agronomy}, volume = {82}, year = {2004}, abstract = {A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in NH3 emission from inorganic N fertilizers and fertilized crops is required if reliable and operational NH3 emission factors and decision support systems for inorganic fertilizers are to be developed, taking into account the actual soil properties, climatic conditions and management factors. For this reason, the present review focuses on processes involved in NH3 volatilization from inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and the exchange of ammonia between crop foliage and the atmosphere. The proportion of nitrogen lost from N fertilizers due to NH3 volatilization may range from <0 to .50\%, depending on fertilizer type, environmental conditions (temperature, wind speed, rain), and soil properties (calcium content, cation exchange capacity, acidity). The risk for high NH3 losses may be reduced by proper management strategies including, e.g., incorporation of the fertilizer into the soil, use of acidic fertilizers on calcareous soils, use of fertilizers with a high content of carbonate-precipitating cations, split applications to rice paddies or application to the soil surface beneath the crop canopy. The latter takes advantage of the relatively low wind speed within well-developed canopies, reducing the rate of vertical NH3 transport and increasing foliar NH3 absorption. Conversely, NH3 is emitted from the leaves when the internal NH3 concentration is higher than that in the ambient atmosphere as may often be the case, particularly during periods with rapid N absorption by the roots or during senescence induced N-remobilization from leaves. Between 1 and 4\% of shoot N may be lost in this way. }, author = {Sommer, S. G and Schjoerring, Jan K. and Denmead, O. T} } @article {76, title = {The development of the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook with respect to the emissions of different nitrogen and carbon species from animal production.}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment}, volume = {112}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The reduction of emissions of air pollutants is subject of international conventions, which include reporting of emissions in accordance with guidelines or guidebooks provided. Within the Convention on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook describes the methodology. With respect to emissions from agricultural sources, in particular from animal husbandry, this guidebook at present undergoes major modifications: the calculation procedure making use of partial emission factors for the various sources of emissions (animal house, storage, manure application, etc.) is being replaced by a mass flow concept for both nitrogen and carbon species. The current state of the Guidebook, present activities to update it and future plans are described. The necessity to update both the Guidebook and the IPCC Guidelines as complementary tools to describe agricultural emissions and mass flows is emphasized.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Daemmgen, U and Webb, J} } @article {61, title = {Nitrogen budget of a subalpine lake in North-Western Italy: the role of atmospheric input in the upward trend of nitrogen concentrations}, journal = {Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.}, volume = {29}, year = {2006}, pages = {2027-2030}, author = {Rogora, M and Mosello R. and Calderoni A. and Barbieri A.} } @article {88, title = {GROSS NITROGEN BALANCES HANDBOOK}, year = {2007}, month = {10/2007}, pages = {24}, institution = {OECD, EUROSTAT}, keywords = {agriculture, methodology, nitrogen, nutrient}, url = {http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_33793_1_1_1_1_1,00.html}, author = {OECD} } @article {68, title = {Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union}, journal = {Lifestock Science}, volume = {112}, year = {2007}, pages = {261-272}, abstract = {Manure management systems are conducive to nutrient and carbon losses, but the magnitude of the loss highly depends on the nutrient element, the manure management system and the environmental conditions. This paper discusses manure management systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27) and nutrient losses from these systems, with emphasis on nitrogen (N). In general, losses decrease in the order: C, NNNSNK, Na, Cl, BNP, Ca, Mg, metals. Assessments made with the integrated modeling tool MITERRA-EUROPE indicate that the total N excretion in 2000 by livestock in EU-27 was \~{}10,400 kton. About 65\% of the total N excretion was collected in barns and stored for some time prior to application to agricultural land. Almost 30\% of the N excreted in barns was lost during storage; approximately 19\% via NH3 emissions, 7\% via emissions of NO, N2O and N2, and 4\% via leaching and run-off. Differences between Member States in mean N losses from manure storages were large (range 19.5{\textendash}35\%). Another 19\% of the N excreted in animal housing systems was lost via NH3 emissions following the application of the manure to land. The results indicate that maximally 52\% of the N excreted in barns was effectively recycled as plant nutrient. Various emission abatement measures can be implemented and have been implemented already in some Member States to reduce the emissions of NH3 and N2O, and the leaching of N and P. There is scope to reduce NH3 emissions by \~{}30\% relative to the reference year 2000, although the uncertainty in estimated emissions and in the estimated effects of emission abatement measures is relatively large.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Oenema, O and Oudendag, D and Velthof, G. L} } @article {60, title = {Synchronous trends in N-NO3 export from N-saturated river catchments in relation to climate}, journal = {Biogeochemistry}, volume = {86}, year = {2007}, pages = {251-268}, abstract = {Long term trends (1978{\textendash}2005) of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations in river water were investigated for 10 rivers draining forested catchments in Piedmont, North-Western Italy, and Canton Ticino, Switzerland. All the river catchments come into the category of the medium-high stage of N saturation (levels 2{\textendash}3 of the Stoddard{\textquoteright}s classification). The seasonal signal in N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations and its changes in time over the course of the study period was also evaluated. Single trends were analysed for significance and magnitude; statistical techniques for the detection of common trends were then applied to identify a common pattern in the N{\textendash}NO3 time series. Both the increasing NO3 levels and the limited seasonal pattern in recent years indicate an aggrading level of N saturation in time. Synchronous trends of N{\textendash}NO3 export were found for 8 rivers. The main common trend was used to test relationships with: (i) temperature, (ii) precipitation, and (iii) N deposition. Step-changes in the data series were also assessed, and the main points of change are discussed in relation to meteorological factors and response to the N saturation status. Temperature proved to be the main factor affecting the temporal pattern of N{\textendash}NO3 concentrations: warm periods were usually followed by an N{\textendash}NO3 increase in river water due to enhanced mineralisation and nitrification in soil.}, keywords = {Climate, Nitrate, Nitrogen saturation, Northern Italy, Trend, Water chemistry}, author = {Rogora M.} } @article {71, title = {A whole-farm assessment of the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emissions}, journal = {European Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {28}, year = {2007}, pages = {148-154}, abstract = {Livestock slurry in animal houses, in manure stores and applied on fields is in Denmark the most important source of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The emitted NH3 is a source of NH3 and ammonium (NH4 +) deposition, which causes eutrophication of N-deficient ecosystems and may form NH4 +-based particles in the air, which are a risk to health. This study examines the reductions in NH3 emissions from pig houses, manure stores and manure applied in the field achieved by acidifying the slurry in-house. Sulphuric acid was used to acidify pig slurry to pH < 6 and the system was constructed is such a way as to prevent foaming in the animal house as well as during storage. Acidification of the pig slurry reduced the NH3 emission from pig houses by 70\% compared with standard techniques. Acidification reduced NH3 emission from stored slurry to less than 10\% of the emission from untreated slurry, and the NH3 emission from applied slurry was reduced by 67\%. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of acidified slurry was 43\% higher compared with the MFE of untreated slurry when applied to the soil. The odour emission from the slurry was not affected significantly by the treatment. The slurry acidification system is approved Best Available Technology (BAT) in Denmark.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Kai, P and Pedersen, P and jensen, J. E and Hansen, M. N and Sommer, S. G} } @article {78, title = {Ammonia in the environment: From ancient times to the present}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {156}, year = {2008}, pages = {583-604}, abstract = {Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.}, keywords = {Air chemistry, Alchemy, Deposition, Emissions, EPNB, NH3 sal ammoniac, Nushadir}, author = {Mark A. Sutton and Jan Willem Erisman and Frank Dentener and Detlev M{\"o}ller} } @article {65, title = {Emissions of gaseous nitrogen species from manure management: A new approach}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, year = {2008}, pages = {488-497}, abstract = {A procedure for the assessment of emissions of nitrogen (N) species (ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, di-nitrogen) from the manure management system is developed, which treats N pools and flows including emissions strictly according to conservation of mass criteria. As all relevant flows in the husbandry of mammals are depicted, the methodology is considered a Tier 3 approach in IPCC terminology or a detailed methodology in UN ECE terminology. The importance of accounting for all N species is illustrated by comparing emission estimates obtained using this approach with those obtained from the application the present detailed/Tier 2 methodology.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Daemmgen, U and Hutchings, N. J} } @article {Leip2008a, title = {{Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen and carbon losses from arable soils in Europe}}, journal = {Biogeosciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {73{\textendash}94}, abstract = {A comprehensive assessment of policy impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural soils re- quires careful consideration of both socio-economic aspects and the environmental heterogeneity of the landscape. We developed a modelling framework that links the large-scale economic model for agriculture CAPRI (Common Agricul- tural Policy Regional Impact assessment) with the biogeo- chemistry model DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition) to simulate GHG fluxes, carbon stock changes and the nitrogen budget of agricultural soils in Europe. The framework allows the ex-ante simulation of agricultural or agri-environmental policy impacts on a wide range of environmental problems such as climate change (GHG emissions), air pollution and groundwater pollution. Those environmental impacts can be analyzed in the context of economic and social indicators as calculated by the economic model. The methodology con- sists of four steps: (i) definition of appropriate calculation units that can be considered as homogeneous in terms of eco- nomic behaviour and environmental response; (ii) downscal- ing of regional agricultural statistics and farm management information from a CAPRI simulation run into the spatial calculation units; (iii) designing environmental model sce- narios and model runs; and finally (iv) aggregating results for interpretation. We show the first results of the nitrogen bud- get in croplands in fourteen countries of the European Union and discuss possibilities to improve the detailed assessment of nitrogen and carbon fluxes from European arable soils.}, isbn = {1726-4170}, issn = {1726-4189}, doi = {10.5194/bg-5-73-2008}, url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/73/2008/}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Marchi, G. and Koeble, R. and Kempen, M. and Britz, Wolfgang and Li, Changsheng} } @article {74, title = {A simple model for assessing ammonia emission from ammoniacal fertilisers as affected by pH and injection into soil}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {4656-4664}, abstract = {Ammonia (NH3) volatilisation following the application of ammoniacal fertilisers and liquid manure to agricultural land is a significant source of atmospheric NH3, which not only poses a risk to the environment, but may also result in a loss of plant available nitrogen (N). This study examined the potential for reducing NH3 emission through acidifying an ammoniacal solution and by injecting the solution. The combination of the two technologies was studied and a model for predicting the most optimal treatment was developed. In the laboratory, ammonium (NH4 +) hydroxide (aqueous NH3) was dissolved in water (pH 11) and injected into a loamy sand soil. The NH3 emission was measured with a dynamic chamber technology. Injecting the solution to 10mm below the soil surface reduced NH3 emission by 10\% compared to surface application, and injection to 30mm reduced emission by 20\% compared to surface application. Acidifying the ammoniacal solution by adding sulphuric acid and reducing pH to 10 reduced the emission by 60\% at a 10mm injection depth and 90\% at 30mm compared with non-acidified and surface-spread ammoniacal solution. The results show that there is an important interaction of pH and injection depth and that there is a need for models predicting a combined effect. This type of model could contribute to reduce cost and energy (traction force) by providing the optimal combination of acidifying and injection depth that gives a specific reduction in NH3 emission, which in this study was reducing pH to 10 and inject the fertiliser to 30mm below surface. This study showed that relatively simple models can predict the NH3 emission from injected ammoniacal fertilisers, but that there is still a need for developing algorithms that predict the effect of pH, including the pH buffering capacity of the fertiliser and the soil.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Nyord, T and Schelde, K. M and Sogaard, K. T and Jensen, L. S and Sommer, S. G} } @article {72, title = {Validation of model calculation of ammonia deposition in the neighbourhood of a poultry farm using measured NH3 concentrations and N deposition}, journal = {Atmospheric Anvironment}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Substantial emission of ammonia (NH3) from animal houses and the related high local deposition of NH3- N are a threat to semi-natural nitrogen-deficient ecosystems situated near the NH3 source. In Denmark, there are regulations limiting the level of NH3 emission from livestock houses near N-deficient ecosystems that are likely to change due to nitrogen (N) enrichment caused by NH3 deposition. The models used for assessing NH3 emission from livestock production, therefore, need to be precise, as the regulation will affect both the nature of the ecosystem and the economy of the farmer. Therefore a study was carried out with the objective of validating the Danish model used to monitor NH3 transport, dispersion and deposition from and in the neighbourhood of a chicken farm. In the study we measured NH3 emission with standard flux measuring methods, NH3 concentrations at increasing distances from the chicken houses using passive diffusion samplers and deposition using 15N-enriched biomonitors and field plot studies. The dispersion and deposition of NH3 were modelled using the Danish OML-DEP model. It was also shown that model calculations clearly reflect the measured NH3 concentration and N deposition. Deposition of N measured by biomonitors clearly reflected the variation in NH3 concentrations and showed that deposition was not significantly different from zero (P < 0.05) at distances greater than 150{\textendash}200 m from these chicken houses. Calculations confirmed this, as calculated N deposition 320 m away from the chicken farm was only marginally affected by the NH3 emission from the farm. There was agreement between calculated and measured deposition showing that the model gives true estimates of the deposition in the neighbourhood of a livestock house emitting NH3}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Sommer, S. G and Ostergard, H. S and Lofstrom, P and Andersen, H. V and Jensen, L. S} } @article {62, title = {The water chemistry of Northern Patagonian lakes and their nitrogen status in comparison with remote lakes in different regions of the globe}, journal = {J. Limnol. }, volume = {67}, year = {2008}, pages = {75-86}, abstract = {Eighteen small shallow lakes located in the Northern Patagonian Lake District, in southern South America, were sampled in 2001 and analysed for the main chemical variables (pH, conductivity, alkalinity, major ions and nutrients). The study lakes span a wide geographical and altitudinal range and belong partly to the Pacific and partly to the Atlantic watershed. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between water chemistry and physical/geographical properties of these lakes. Secondly, the nitrogen content of the lakes was considered in detail, and results compared to those obtained in previous studies carried out in other remote areas of the globe (the Central Southern Alps in Italy, the Sierra da Estrela region in Portugal, the Svalbard Islands in the Arctic, the Khumbu-Himal region in Nepal, and the Terra Nova Bay area in Antarctica). In the Alps, lakes are characterised by markedly high nitrogen concentrations, manly as nitrate, due to the high inputs of nitrogen compounds from downwind sources like the Po Plain in Northern Italy. Conversely, lakes at remote locations such as the Andes, Antarctica and Himalaya are characterised by a low nitrogen content, mainly as organic nitrogen. This status is related to the limited atmospheric inputs of nitrogen affecting these regions.}, keywords = {Alps, Antarctica, atmospheric deposition, Nepal, Nitrate}, author = {Rogora, M and Massaferro J. and Marchetto A. and Tartari G. A. and Mosello R.} } @article {77, title = {Hintergrundpapier zu einen multimedialen Stickstoffemissionsminderungs-Strategie}, journal = {Umwelt Bundes Amt}, year = {2009}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Geupel, Jering, Frey, Gohlisch, Lambrecht, Jaschinski, Koppe, M{\"o}nch, M{\"a}der, Nissler, Strogies, Mathan, Schneider, Mohaupt, Glant} } @inbook {Leip2011p, title = {{Agri-Environmental Nitrogen Indicators for EU27}}, booktitle = {Bio-Economic Models applied to Agricultural Systems}, year = {2011}, pages = {109{\textendash}123}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, organization = {Springer Netherlands}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {Nitrogen is a key element to ensure modern agriculture{\textquoteright}s output, sustaining global food, feed, fibre and now bio-energy production. But it also accounts also for, or at least contributes to, key environmental problems that challenge the well functioning of today{\textquoteright}s societies (Sutton et al. 2011). One molecule of nitrogen can contribute to one or many environmental problems, including eutrophication, groundwater pollution via leaching and run-off of nitrates and organic nitrogen, climate change via N2O emissions, acidification via ammonia emissions and may affect human health via ozone formation or biodiversity via nitrogen deposition on natural areas. This multiple impact of nitrogen is often referred to as the {\textquotedblleft}nitrogen cascade{\textquotedblright} (Galloway et al. 2003). Accordingly, agri-environmental indicator frameworks typically feature several indicators related to nitrogen such as ammonia emissions, use of nitrogen fertilisers, gross N surplus, nitrates in water or GHG emissions (EEA 2005). Often, however, these indicators are calculated independently from each other based on sometimes contradicting data sources, methodologies or assumptions (see e.g. Grizzetti et al. 2007). This includes also the first overview of the {\textquotedblleft}European Nitrogen Case{\textquotedblright} that was presented by van Egmond et al. (2002) at the second International Nitrogen Conference held in Potomac (USA). Thus, a system that calculates the detailed nitrogen balance and the related indicators for agriculture in Europe on the basis of consistent data sets and advanced methodologies is highly desirable. A closed balance of nitrogen is calculated in the CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact) model, i.e., next to monetary values and product balances, also the nutrient fluxes are in accordance with the law of mass-conservation (Britz et al., 2007). This has been exploited by Leip et al. (2011b) to develop nitrogen budgets for the system boundaries of the soil, land, and the farm. The authors provide for the first time mutually consistent calculations of farm, land and soil N-budgets for all member states of the European Union and quantify the two major indicators, namely the nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen surplus for each of the N-budgets. The data showed that the nitrogen surplus increases for the soil {\textless} land {\textless} farm budget, while the nitrogen use efficiency decreases analogically for soil {\textgreater} land {\textgreater} farm budgets. The farm N-budget appeared to be the most relevant one giving a picture of the overall N management of agriculture and is accordingly recommended for integrative studies assessing the {\textquotedblleft}nitrogen footprint{\textquotedblright} of society. Based on the work of Leip et al. (2011b), we propose in this chapter three additional nitrogen indicators focusing even more on the use society in European countries makes of their productive land.}, keywords = {mypublications}, isbn = {978-94-007-1901-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-1902-6_6}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/pq4846/{\#}section=954524{\&}page=1{\&}locus=0}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Weiss, Franz and Britz, Wolfgang}, editor = {Flichman, Guillermo} } @article {Leip2011b, title = {{Farm, land, and soil nitrogen budgets for agriculture in Europe calculated with CAPRI}}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {159}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {3243{\textendash}3253}, abstract = {We calculated farm, land, and soil N-budgets for countries in Europe and the EU27 as a whole using the agro-economic model CAPRI. For EU27, N-surplus is 55 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in a soil budget and 65 kg N 2O-N ha -1 yr -1 and 67 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in land and farm budgets, respectively. NUE is 31{\%} for the farm budget, 60{\%} for the land budget and 63{\%} for the soil budget. NS values are mainly related to the excretion (farm budget) and application (soil and land budget) of manure per hectare of total agricultural land. On the other hand, NUE is best explained by the specialization of the agricultural system toward animal production (farm NUE) or the share of imported feedstuff (soil NUE). Total N input, intensive farming, and the specialization to animal production are found to be the main drivers for a high NS and low NUE. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {agriculture, Europe, Nitrogen budgets, Nitrogen use efficiency, Nutrient balances}, issn = {02697491}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.040}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.040}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Britz, Wolfgang and Weiss, Franz and De Vries, Wim} } @inbook {Leip2011d, title = {{Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale}}, booktitle = {European Nitrogen Assessment}, year = {2011}, pages = {345{\textendash}376}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, chapter = {16}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, keywords = {mypublications}, url = {http://www.nine-esf.org/ENA-Book}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Achermann, Beat and Billen, Gilles and Bleeker, Albert and Bouwman, Alexander F and De Vries, Wim and Dragosits, Ulli and D{\"o}ring, Ulrike and Fernall, Dave and Geupel, Markus and Heldstab, J{\"u}rg and Johnes, Penny and Le Gall, Anne Christine and Monni, Suvi and Neve{\v c}e{\v r}al, Rostislav and Orlandini, Lorenzo and Prud{\textquoteright}homme, Michel and Reuter, Hannes I and Simpson, David and Seufert, G{\"u}nther and Spranger, Till and Sutton, Mark A. and van Aardenne, John and Vo{\ss}, Maren and Winiwarter, Wilfried}, editor = {Sutton, Mark and Howard, Clare and Erisman, Jan Willem and Billen, Gilles and Bleeker, Albert and van Grinsven, Hans and Grennfelt, Peringe and Grizzetti, Bruna} } @article {Sutton2011a, title = {{Too much of a good thing.}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {472}, number = {7342}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {159{\textendash}61}, keywords = {agriculture, Agriculture: economics, Animals, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diet, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: economics, Environmental Pollution: statistics {\&} numerical da, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Food Supply, Fossil Fuels, Humans, International Cooperation, Meat, Meat: utilization, nitrogen, Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen: adverse effects, Nitrogen: analysis, Nitrogen: economics, Nitrogen: metabolism, Reactive Nitrogen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species: adverse effects, Reactive Nitrogen Species: analysis, Reactive Nitrogen Species: chemistry, Reactive Nitrogen Species: metabolism}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/472159a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478874}, author = {Sutton, Mark A. and Oenema, Oene and Erisman, Jan Willem and Leip, Adrian and van Grinsven, Hans and Winiwarter, Wilfried} } @article {Winiwarter2014a, title = {{A European perspective of innovations towards mitigation of nitrogen-related greenhouse gases}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {9-10}, year = {2014}, pages = {37{\textendash}45}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {Technology design and effectiveness studies available in the scientific literature demonstrate future mitigation potentials of nitrogen-related greenhouse gases. Here we investigate {\textquoteright}innovations{\textquoteright} influencing such emissions. These innovations mainly address agriculture: reduced meat diets, urban gardening, genetically modified crops, and precision farming, but also more distant options such as vertical farming and cultured meat production, that is, indoor agriculture. While the latter approaches, which allow full management of effluents, seem very promising in terms of emission control, the cost estimates available would rule out any practical relevance. Technologies that currently seem more realistic offer much smaller mitigation potential. Information on energy need, greenhouse gas emissions, and land requirements feed into a semi-quantitative assessment, which delivers information in a format useful for existing European policy tools. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, issn = {18773435}, doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2014.07.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.07.006}, author = {Winiwarter, Wilfried and Leip, Adrian and Tuomisto, Hanna L. and Haastrup, Palle} } @article {Westhoek2014, title = {{Food choices, health and environment: Effects of cutting Europe{\textquoteright}s meat and dairy intake}}, journal = {Global Environmental Change}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {196{\textendash}205}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Western diets are characterised by a high intake of meat, dairy products and eggs, causing an intake of saturated fat and red meat in quantities that exceed dietary recommendations. The associated livestock production requires large areas of land and lead to high nitrogen and greenhouse gas emission levels. Although several studies have examined the potential impact of dietary changes on greenhouse gas emissions and land use, those on health, the agricultural system and other environmental aspects (such as nitrogen emissions) have only been studied to a limited extent. By using biophysical models and methods, we examined the large-scale consequences in the European Union of replacing 25-50{\%} of animal-derived foods with plant-based foods on a dietary energy basis, assuming corresponding changes in production. We tested the effects of these alternative diets and found that halving the consumption of meat, dairy products and eggs in the European Union would achieve a 40{\%} reduction in nitrogen emissions, 25-40{\%} reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and 23{\%} per capita less use of cropland for food production. In addition, the dietary changes would also lower health risks. The European Union would become a net exporter of cereals, while the use of soymeal would be reduced by 75{\%}. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the food system would increase from the current 18{\%} to between 41{\%} and 47{\%}, depending on choices made regarding land use. As agriculture is the major source of nitrogen pollution, this is expected to result in a significant improvement in both air and water quality in the EU. The resulting 40{\%} reduction in the intake of saturated fat would lead to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality. These diet-led changes in food production patterns would have a large economic impact on livestock farmers and associated supply-chain actors, such as the feed industry and meat-processing sector. {\textcopyright} 2014 The Authors.}, keywords = {Dietary change, Greenhouse gas emissions, Human diet, Land use, Livestock, Reactive nitrogen}, issn = {09593780}, doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.004 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378014000338}, author = {Westhoek, Henk and Lesschen, J.P. Jan Peter and Rood, Trudy and Wagner, Susanne and De Marco, Alessandra and Murphy-bokern, Donal and Leip, Adrian and van Grinsven, Hans and Sutton, Mark A. and Oenema, Oene} } @article {Leip2014, title = {{The nitrogen footprint of food products in the European Union}}, journal = {The Journal of Agricultural Science}, volume = {152}, number = {S1}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {20{\textendash}33}, keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen, online}, issn = {0021-8596}, doi = {10.1017/S0021859613000786}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0021859613000786}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Weiss, Franz and Lesschen, Jan Peter and Westhoek, Henk} } @article {Leip2014b, title = {{Nitrogen-neutrality: a step towards sustainability}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {115001}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, keywords = {Footprint, mypublications, nitrogen}, issn = {1748-9326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115001}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/9/i=11/a=115001?key=crossref.e00563c757c6f69d0f81a98a7c54fa9c}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Leach, Allison M. and Musinguzi, Patrick and Tumwesigye, Trust and Olupot, Giregon and Stephen Tenywa, John and Mudiope, Joseph and Hutton, Olivia and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and Bekunda, Mateete and Galloway, James N.} } @article {Ozbek2015, title = {{Estimating the gross nitrogen budget under soil nitrogen stock changes: A case study for Turkey}}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment}, volume = {205}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {48{\textendash}56}, keywords = {agricultural production, budget, carbon, mypublications, nitrogen, soil}, issn = {01678809}, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880915000924}, author = {{\"O}zbek, Fethi {\c S}aban and Leip, Adrian} } @article {Leip2015a, title = {{Impacts of European livestock production: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, water eutrophication and biodiversity}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {115004}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, abstract = {Livestock production systems currently occupy around28{\%}of the land surface of the European Union (equivalent to65{\%}of the agricultural land). Inconjunction with otherhumanactivities, livestock production systems affect water, air and soil quality, global climate and biodiversity, altering the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Here,we quantify the contribution of European livestock production to these major impacts. For each environmental effect, the contribution of livestock is expressed as shares of the emitted compounds and land used, as compared to the whole agricultural sector. The results show that the livestock sector contributes significantly to agricultural environmental impacts. This contribution is78{\%}for terrestrial biodiversity loss,80{\%}for soil acidification and air pollution (ammoniaand nitrogen oxides emissions),81{\%}for global warming, and73{\%}for water pollution (bothNandP). The agriculture sector itself is one of the major contributors to these environmental impacts, ranging between12{\%}for global warming and59{\%}for Nwater quality impact. Significant progress in mitigating these environmental impacts in Europe will only be possible through a combination of technological measures reducing livestock emissions, improved food choices and reduced food waste of European citizens. Introduction}, keywords = {air quality, biodiversity loss, Climate Change, coastal eutrophication, European Union, livestock production, soil acidification}, isbn = {1748-9318}, issn = {1748-9326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115004}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/10/i=11/a=115004?key=crossref.b8ce885804d5c860e008c03ed18e7ab8 https://zenodo.org/record/58514{\#}.WLQb4zsrKXr}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Billen, Gilles and Garnier, Josette and Grizzetti, Bruna and Lassaletta, Luis and Reis, Stefan and Simpson, David and Sutton, Mark A. and De Vries, Wim and Weiss, Franz and Westhoek, Henk} } @book {Westhoek2015, title = {{Nitrogen on the Table: The influence of food choices on nitrogen emissions and the European environment. (European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen and Food.)}}, number = {April}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, publisher = {Centre for Ecology {\&} Hydrology}, organization = {Centre for Ecology {\&} Hydrology}, address = {Edinburgh, UK}, isbn = {9781906698515}, url = {https://www.clrtap-tfrn.org/sites/clrtap-tfrn.org/files/documents/Nitrogen_on_the_Table_Report_WEB.pdf}, author = {Westhoek, Henk and Lesschen, J.P. Jan Peter and Leip, Adrian and Rood, Trudy and Wagner, Susanne and De Marco, A. and Murphy-bokern, Donal and Palli{\`e}re, C. and Howard, Clare M and Oenema, Oene and Sutton, Mark A. and Marco, De} } @article {Hutton2017, title = {{Toward a nitrogen footprint calculator for Tanzania}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.We present the first nitrogen footprint model for a developing country: Tanzania. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for agriculture and human nutrition, but in excess it can cause serious environmental damage. The Sub-Saharan African nation of Tanzania faces a two-sided nitrogen problem: while there is not enough soil nitrogen to produce adequate food, excess nitrogen that escapes into the environment causes a cascade of ecological and human health problems. To identify, quantify, and contribute to solving these problems, this paper presents a nitrogen footprint tool for Tanzania. This nitrogen footprint tool is a concept originally designed for the United States of America (USA) and other developed countries. It uses personal resource consumption data to calculate a per-capita nitrogen footprint. The Tanzania N footprint tool is a version adapted to reflect the low-input, integrated agricultural system of Tanzania. This is reflected by calculating two sets of virtual N factors to describe N losses during food production: one for fertilized farms and one for unfertilized farms. Soil mining factors are also calculated for the first time to address the amount of N removed from the soil to produce food. The average per-capita nitrogen footprint of Tanzania is 10 kg N yr-1. 88{\%} of this footprint is due to food consumption and production, while only 12{\%} of the footprint is due to energy use. Although 91{\%} of farms in Tanzania are unfertilized, the large contribution of fertilized farms to N losses causes unfertilized farms to make up just 83{\%} of the food production N footprint. In a developing country like Tanzania, the main audiences for the N footprint tool are community leaders, planners, and developers who can impact decision-making and use the calculator to plan positive changes for nitrogen sustainability in the developing world.}, keywords = {nitrogen, nitrogen footprint, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania}, issn = {17489326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5c42}, author = {Hutton, M.O. and Leach, Allison M. and Leip, Adrian and Galloway, James N. and Bekunda, M. and Sullivan, C. and Lesschen, J.P.} } @article {Zurek2018, title = {{Assessing Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security of the EU Food System {\textemdash} An Integrated Approach}}, journal = {Sustainability}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {2018}, pages = {4271}, doi = {10.3390/su10114271}, author = {Zurek, Monika and Hebinck, Aniek and Leip, Adrian and Vervoort, Joost and Kuiper, Marijke and Garrone, Maria and Havlik, Petr and Heckelei, Thomas and Hornborg, Sara and Ingram, John and Kuijsten, Anneleen and Shutes, Lindsay and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Terluin, Ida and van{\textquoteright}t Veer, Pieter and Wijnands, Jo and Zimmermann, Andrea and Achterbosch, Thom J. and Havl, Petr} } @article {Lugato2018, title = {{Mitigation potential of soil carbon management overestimated by neglecting N2O emissions}}, journal = {Nature Climate Change}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {219{\textendash}223}, publisher = {Springer US}, issn = {1758-678X}, doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0087-z}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0087-z}, author = {Lugato, Emanuele and Leip, Adrian and Jones, Arwyn} } @book {FAO2018d, title = {{Nutrient flows and associated environmental impacts in livestock supply chains Guidelines for assessment (Version 1)}}, year = {2018}, pages = {196}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, url = {http://www.fao.org/partnerships/leap/publications/en/} } @article {Parodi2018a, title = {{The potential of future foods for sustainable and healthy diets}}, journal = {Nature Sustainability}, volume = {1}, number = {12}, year = {2018}, pages = {782{\textendash}789}, publisher = {Springer US}, abstract = {Altering diets is increasingly acknowledged as an important solution to feed the world{\textquoteright}s growing population within the planetary boundaries. In our search for a planet-friendly diet, the main focus has been on eating more plant-source foods, and eating no or less animal-source foods, while the potential of future foods, such as insects, seaweed or cultured meat has been underexplored. Here we show that compared to current animal-source foods, future foods have major environmental benefits while safeguarding the intake of essential micronutrients. The complete array of essential nutrients in the mixture of future foods makes them good-quality alternatives for current animal-source foods compared to plant-source foods. Moreover, future foods are land-efficient alternatives for animal-source foods, and if produced with renewable energy, they also offer greenhouse gas benefits. Further research on nutrient bioavailability and digestibility, food safety, production costs and consumer acceptance will determine their role as main food sources in future diets.}, issn = {23989629}, doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0189-7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0189-7 http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0189-7}, author = {Parodi, Alejandro and Leip, Adrian and De Boer, I. J.M. M. and Slegers, P. M. and Ziegler, F. and Temme, E. H.M. M. and Herrero, M. and Tuomisto, Hanna L. and Valin, H. and Van Middelaar, C. E. and Van Loon, J. J.A. A. and van Zanten, Hannah H. E.} } @article {Vanham2019a, title = {{Environmental footprint family to address local to planetary sustainability and deliver on the SDGs}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {693}, number = {June}, year = {2019}, month = {jul}, pages = {133642}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V}, abstract = {The number of publications on environmental footprint indicators has been growing rapidly, but with limited efforts to integrate different footprints into a coherent framework. Such integration is important for comprehensive understanding of environmental issues, policy formulation and assessment of trade-offs between different environmental concerns. Here, we systematize published footprint studies and define a family of footprints that can be used for the assessment of environmental sustainability. We identify overlaps between different footprints and analyse how they relate to the nine planetary boundaries and visualize the crucial information they provide for local and planetary sustainability. In addition, we assess how the footprint family delivers on measuring progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), considering its ability to quantify environmental pressures along the supply chain and relating them to the water-energy-food-ecosystem (WEFE) nexus and ecosystem services. We argue that the footprint family is a flexible framework where particular members can be included or excluded according to the context or area of concern. Our paper is based upon a recent workshop bringing together global leading experts on existing environmental footprint indicators.}, keywords = {Environmental footprint, Environmental footprint assessment, Family, Footprint, Footprint family, Planetary boundaries}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133642}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969719335673 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133642}, author = {Vanham, Davy and Leip, Adrian and Galli, Alessandro and Kastner, Thomas and Bruckner, Martin and Uwizeye, Aimable and van Dijk, Kimo and Ercin, Ertug and Dalin, Carole and Brand{\~a}o, Miguel and Bastianoni, Simone and Fang, Kai and Leach, Allison M. and Chapagain, Ashok and Van der Velde, Marijn and Sala, Serenella and Pant, Rana and Mancini, Lucia and Monforti-Ferrario, Fabio and Carmona-Garcia, Gema and Marques, Alexandra and Weiss, Franz and Hoekstra, Arjen Y.} } @article {Leip2019a, title = {{Nitrogen Footprints}}, journal = {Encyclopedia of Ecology}, volume = {4}, number = {2012}, year = {2019}, pages = {370{\textendash}382}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, edition = {2}, abstract = {N is one of essential element of life on earth, but it contributes in its reactive form to the global environmental problems that are already larger than our earth is able to cope with, and it expected further aggravate (Galloway and Leach, 2016) driven by the increasing demand of food products fuelled by growth of human population, rising incomes and urbanization. The quantification of N footprints at production level can support decision and policy making in the economy, by raising awareness of different stakeholders such as farmers, industrial actors, businesses, governments and scientists on the global threats of anthropogenic activities. These stakeholders have responsibility to reduce the environmental pressures by continuous improvement of the production system through technology and innovation. N footprint is also a tool to inform consumers on the impact of their lifestyle choices on the N pollution, which is essential to share the responsibility in protecting the planet. Raising awareness to all stakeholders and consumers at all levels will help to reduce the N footprint.}, keywords = {agriculture, Consumption, Energy, Food, Footprints, nitrogen, Production}, isbn = {9780124095489}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10753-5 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124095489107535}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Uwizeye, Aimable} } @article {AdrianLeip, title = {{The value of manure - manure as co-product in life cycle assessment}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {241}, number = {March}, year = {2019}, month = {jul}, pages = {293{\textendash}304}, publisher = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Allocation, Fertilizer, Life cycle assessment, Livestock supply chains, Manure, Nutrients}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.059}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479719303627}, author = {Leip, Adrian and Ledgart, Stewart and Uwizeye, Aimable and Palhares, Julio C.P. and Aller, Fernanda and Amon, Barbara and Binder, Michael and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and Dong, Hongming and Fusi, Alessandra and Helin, Janne and H{\"o}rtenhuber, Stefan and Hristov, Alexander N. and Koelsch, Richard and Liu, Chunjiang and Masso, Cargele and Nkongolo, Nsalambi V. and Patra, Amlan K. and Redding, Matthew R. and Rufino, Mariana C. and Sakrabani, Ruben and Thoma, Greg and Vert{\`e}s, Fran{\c c}oise and Wang, Ying and Ledgard, Stewart and Uwizeye, Aimable and Palhares, Julio C.P. and Aller, M. Fernanda and Amon, Barbara and Binder, Michael and Cordovil, Claudia M.d.S. and De Camillis, Camillo and Dong, Hongming and Fusi, Alessandra and Helin, Janne and H{\"o}rtenhuber, Stefan and Hristov, Alexander N. and Koelsch, Richard and Liu, Chunjiang and Masso, Cargele and Nkongolo, Nsalambi V. and Patra, Amlan K. and Redding, Matthew R. and Rufino, Mariana C. and Sakrabani, Ruben and Thoma, Greg and Vert{\`e}s, Fran{\c c}oise and Wang, Ying} } @article {Kanter2020, title = {{A framework for nitrogen futures in the shared socioeconomic pathways}}, journal = {Global Environmental Change}, year = {2020}, keywords = {corresponding author, s}, author = {Kanter, David R and Winiwarter, Wilfried and Bodirsky, Benjamin and Bouwman, Lex and Boyer, Elizabeth and Buckle, Simon and Compton, Jana and Dalgaard, Tommy and wim de Vries and Lecl{\`e}re, David and Leip, Adrian and Muller, Christoph and Popp, Alexander and Raghuram, Nandula and Rao, Shilpa and Sutton, Mark A. and Tian, Hanqin and Westhoek, Henk and Zhang, Xin and Zurek, Monika} } @article {Quemada2019, title = {{Integrated management for sustainable cropping systems: Looking beyond the greenhouse balance at the field scale}}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2020}, month = {apr}, pages = {2584{\textendash}2598}, issn = {1354-1013}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14989}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14989}, author = {Quemada, Miguel and Lassaletta, Luis and Leip, Adrian and Jones, Arwyn and Lugato, Emanuele} } @article {Uwizeye2020, title = {{Nitrogen emissions along global livestock supply chains}}, journal = {Nature Food}, year = {2020}, month = {jul}, issn = {2662-1355}, doi = {10.1038/s43016-020-0113-y}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0113-y https://github.com/uaimable/Global{\_}Nitrogen{\_}assessment}, author = {Uwizeye, Aimable and de Boer, Imke J. M. and Opio, Carolyn I and Schulte, Rogier P O and Falcucci, Alessandra and Tempio, Giuseppe and Teillard, F{\'e}lix and Casu, Flavia and Rulli, Monica and Galloway, James N and Leip, Adrian and Erisman, Jan Willem and Robinson, Timothy P and Steinfeld, Henning and Gerber, Pierre J} } @article {Kanter2019, title = {{Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm}}, journal = {Nature Food}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2020}, month = {jan}, pages = {27{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Nitrogen is a crucial input to food production and yet its oversupply in many parts of the world contributes to a number of environmental problems. Most policies dedicated to reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution focus on changing farmer behaviour. However, farm-level policies are challenging to implement and farmers are just one of several actors in the agri-food chain. The activities of other actors {\textemdash} from fertilizer manufacturers to wastewater treatment companies {\textemdash} can also impact nitrogen losses at the farm level and beyond. Consequently, policymakers have a broader range of policy options than traditionally thought to address nitrogen pollution from field to fork. Inspired by the concept of full-chain nitrogen use efficiency, this Perspective introduces the major actors common in agri-food chains from a nitrogen standpoint, identifies nitrogen policies that could be targeted towards them and proposes several new criteria to guide ex-ante analysis of the feasibility and design of different policy interventions. Sustainably feeding ten billion people by 2050 will require fundamental changes in the global food system {\textemdash} a broad portfolio of policy options and a framework for how to select them is essential.}, issn = {2662-1355}, doi = {10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5 http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-019-0001-5}, author = {Kanter, David R and Bartolini, Fabio and Kugelberg, Susanna and Leip, Adrian and Oenema, Oene and Uwizeye, Aimable} } @article {Sanz-cobena, title = {{Research meetings must be more sustainable}}, journal = {Nature Food}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2020}, month = {apr}, pages = {187{\textendash}189}, issn = {2662-1355}, doi = {10.1038/s43016-020-0065-2}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0065-2}, author = {Sanz-Cobena, Alberto and Alessandrini, Roberta and Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon and Springmann, Marco and Aguilera, Eduardo and Amon, Barbara and Bartolini, Fabio and Geupel, Markus and Grizzetti, Bruna and Kugelberg, Susanna and Latka, Catharina and Liang, Xia and Milford, Anna Birgitte and Musinguzi, Patrick and Ng, Ee Ling and Suter, Helen and Leip, Adrian} } @article {Carlo, title = {{Sustainable food protein supply reconciling human and ecosystem health: A Leibniz Position}}, journal = {Global Food Security}, volume = {25}, year = {2020}, month = {jun}, pages = {100367}, keywords = {corresponding author, s}, issn = {22119124}, doi = {10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100367}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211912420300201}, author = {Weindl, Isabelle and Ost, Mario and Wiedmer, Petra and Schreiner, Monika and Neugart, Susanne and Klopsch, Rebecca and K{\"u}hnhold, Holger and Kloas, Werner and Henkel, Ina M. and Schl{\"u}ter, Oliver and Bu{\ss}ler, Sara and Bellingrath-Kimura, Sonoko D. and Ma, Hua and Grune, Tilman and Rolinski, Susanne and Klaus, Susanne} } @article {Vanham2020, title = {{Sustainable food system policies need to address environmental pressures and impacts: The example of water use and water stress}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {730}, year = {2020}, month = {aug}, pages = {139151}, publisher = {The Authors}, keywords = {EU, Food system, Policy, Sustainable, Water stress, Water use}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139151}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139151 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720326681 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183135}, author = {Vanham, Davy and Leip, Adrian} } @article {Corrado, title = {{Unveiling the potential for an efficient use of nitrogen along the food supply and consumption chain}}, journal = {Global Food Security}, volume = {25}, year = {2020}, month = {jun}, pages = {100368}, issn = {22119124}, doi = {10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100368}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211912420300213}, author = {Corrado, Sara and Caldeira, Carla and Carmona-Garcia, Gema and K{\"o}rner, Ina and Leip, Adrian and Sala, Serenella} } @article {geupel_national_2021, title = {A {National} {Nitrogen} {Target} for {Germany}}, journal = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2021}, pages = {1121}, abstract = {The anthropogenic nitrogen cycle is characterized by a high complexity. Different reactive nitrogen species (NH3, NH4+, NO, NO2, NO3-, and N2O) are set free by a large variety of anthropogenic activities and cause numerous negative impacts on the environment. The complex nature of the nitrogen cycle hampers public awareness of the nitrogen problem. To overcome this issue and to enhance the sensitivity for policy action, we developed a new, impact-based integrated national target for nitrogen (INTN) for Germany. It is based on six impact indicators, for which we derived the maximum amount of nitrogen losses allowed in each environmental sector to reach related state indicators on a spatial average for Germany. The resulting target sets a limit of nitrogen emissions in Germany of 1053 Gg N yr-1. It could serve as a similar means on the national level as the planetary boundary for reactive nitrogen or the 1.5 {\textopenbullet}C target of the climate community on the global level. Taking related uncertainties into account, the resulting integrated nitrogen target of 1053 Gg N yr-1 suggests a comprehensible INTN of 1000 Gg N yr-1 for Germany. Compared to the current situation, the overall annual loss of reactive nitrogen in Germany would have to be reduced by approximately one-third.}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su13031121}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1121}, author = {Geupel, Markus and Heldstab, J{\"u}rg and Sch{\"a}ppi, Bettina and Reutimann, Judith and Bach, Martin and H{\"a}u{\ss}ermann, Uwe and Knoll, Lukas and Klement, Laura and Breuer, Lutz} } @article {236, title = {Nitrogen Opportunities for Agriculture, Food \& Environment: UNECE Guidance Document on Integrated Sustainable Nitrogen Management}, year = {2022}, type = {Natalie}, isbn = {978-1-906698-78-2}, author = {Mark Sutton and Clare M. Howard and Kate E. Mason and Will Brownlie and Claudia Cordovil} } @article {242, title = {Appetite for Change: Food system options for nitrogen, environment \& health. 2nd European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen \& Food}, year = {2023}, institution = {UK Centre for Ecology \& Hydrology}, address = {Edinburgh}, isbn = {978-1-906698-83-6}, issn = {INMS Report 2023/01}, doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10406450}, author = {Adrian Leip and Jan Wollgast and Susanna Kugelberg and Jo{\~a}o C Leite and Rob J M Maas and Kate E Mason and Mark A Sutton} } @article {69, title = {Ammonia emissions from mineral fertylisers and fertylised crops }, journal = {Advances in Agronomy}, volume = {82}, year = {In Press}, abstract = {A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in NH3 emission from inorganic N fertilizers and fertilized crops is required if reliable and operational NH3 emission factors and decision support systems for inorganic fertilizers are to be developed, taking into account the actual soil properties, climatic conditions and management factors. For this reason, the present review focuses on processes involved in NH3 volatilization from inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and the exchange of ammonia between crop foliage and the atmosphere. The proportion of nitrogen lost from N fertilizers due to NH3 volatilization may range from <0 to .50\%, depending on fertilizer type, environmental conditions (temperature, wind speed, rain), and soil properties (calcium content, cation exchange capacity, acidity). The risk for high NH3 losses may be reduced by proper management strategies including, e.g., incorporation of the fertilizer into the soil, use of acidic fertilizers on calcareous soils, use of fertilizers with a high content of carbonate-precipitating cations, split applications to rice paddies or application to the soil surface beneath the crop canopy. The latter takes advantage of the relatively low wind speed within well-developed canopies, reducing the rate of vertical NH3 transport and increasing foliar NH3 absorption. Conversely, NH3 is emitted from the leaves when the internal NH3 concentration is higher than that in the ambient atmosphere as may often be the case, particularly during periods with rapid N absorption by the roots or during senescence induced N-remobilization from leaves. Between 1 and 4\% of shoot N may be lost in this way.}, keywords = {EPNB}, author = {Sommer, S. G and Schjoerring, J. K and Denmead, O. D} } @article {bach_reactive_nodate, title = {Reactive nitrogen flows in {Germany} 2010 - 2014 ({DESTINO} {Report} 2)}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {152}, abstract = {Emissions of reactive nitrogen give rise to a wide range of environmental problems. In order to develop reduction measures it is necessary to quantify sources, sinks and flows of Nr, and as part of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLTRAP) it was agreed in the Gothenburg Protocol to construct national nitrogen budgets. The {\textquotedblleft}Guidance document on national nitrogen budgets{\textquotedblright} of the Economic Commission for Europe forms the starting point for this task. The Nr flows are determined for the following pools: {\textquotedblleft}Atmosphere{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Energy and Fuels{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Material and products in industry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Humans and settlements{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Agriculture{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Forest and semi-natural vegetation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Waste{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Hydrosphere{\textquotedblright}, as well as for the {\textquotedblleft}Trans-boundary N-flows{\textquotedblright} (imports and exports). The N-flows are taken directly from statistical reports, publications, etc., or are calculated as the product of the quantity of transported or converted substance and the mean nitrogen contents. Some 150 N-flows are described, and the uncertainty of the results is graded in four levels from {\textquotedblleft}very low{\textquotedblright} to {\textquotedblleft}high{\textquotedblright}. In Germany, approximately 6275 kt Nr is introduced into the nitrogen cycle every year (mean value from 2010 to 2014), of 43 \% is by ammonia synthesis. Domestic extraction of nitrogenous fossil fuels (lignite, coal, crude oil) and imports contribute 2335 kt N a-1. Natural nitrogen fixation converts 308 kt N a-1 into organically bound nitrogen. Conversely, processes involving the combustion of fossil fuels and regenerative fuels and the refining of crude oil to mineral oil products result in 2711 kt N a-1 being transformed to N2. In waters, soils, and wastewater treatment plants, denitrification leads to the release of 1107 kt N a-1 as molecular nitrogen. Via the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Germany exports 745 kt N a-1 to neighbouring countries and the coastal waters. The changes in N-stock in soils have to date only been determined for forest soils, where they are 293 kt N a-1. On balance, reactive nitrogen totalling 1627 kt N is released in Germany every year, with negative impacts on the ecosystems and their functions. The national nitrogen budget involves considerable uncertainties, and this should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.}, author = {Bach, Martin and H{\"a}u{\ss}ermann, Uwe and Klement, Laura and Knoll, Lukas and Breuer, Lutz and Weber, Tatyana and Fuchs, Stefan and Heldstab, J{\"u}rg and Reutimann, Judith} }