%0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2011 %T {Too much of a good thing.} %A Sutton, Mark A. %A Oenema, Oene %A Erisman, Jan Willem %A Leip, Adrian %A van Grinsven, Hans %A Winiwarter, Wilfried %K agriculture %K Agriculture: economics %K Animals %K Biodiversity %K Climate Change %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Diet %K Environmental Pollution %K Environmental Pollution: adverse effects %K Environmental Pollution: analysis %K Environmental Pollution: economics %K Environmental Pollution: statistics {&} numerical da %K Fertilizers %K Fertilizers: analysis %K Food Supply %K Fossil Fuels %K Humans %K International Cooperation %K Meat %K Meat: utilization %K nitrogen %K Nitrogen Fixation %K Nitrogen: adverse effects %K Nitrogen: analysis %K Nitrogen: economics %K Nitrogen: metabolism %K Reactive Nitrogen Species %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: adverse effects %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: analysis %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: chemistry %K Reactive Nitrogen Species: metabolism %B Nature %V 472 %P 159–61 %8 apr %G eng %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478874 %R 10.1038/472159a %0 Journal Article %J Environmental Research Letters %D 2017 %T {Toward a nitrogen footprint calculator for Tanzania} %A Hutton, M.O. %A Leach, Allison M. %A Leip, Adrian %A Galloway, James N. %A Bekunda, M. %A Sullivan, C. %A Lesschen, J.P. %K nitrogen %K nitrogen footprint %K Sub-Saharan Africa %K Tanzania %X © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.We present the first nitrogen footprint model for a developing country: Tanzania. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for agriculture and human nutrition, but in excess it can cause serious environmental damage. The Sub-Saharan African nation of Tanzania faces a two-sided nitrogen problem: while there is not enough soil nitrogen to produce adequate food, excess nitrogen that escapes into the environment causes a cascade of ecological and human health problems. To identify, quantify, and contribute to solving these problems, this paper presents a nitrogen footprint tool for Tanzania. This nitrogen footprint tool is a concept originally designed for the United States of America (USA) and other developed countries. It uses personal resource consumption data to calculate a per-capita nitrogen footprint. The Tanzania N footprint tool is a version adapted to reflect the low-input, integrated agricultural system of Tanzania. This is reflected by calculating two sets of virtual N factors to describe N losses during food production: one for fertilized farms and one for unfertilized farms. Soil mining factors are also calculated for the first time to address the amount of N removed from the soil to produce food. The average per-capita nitrogen footprint of Tanzania is 10 kg N yr-1. 88{%} of this footprint is due to food consumption and production, while only 12{%} of the footprint is due to energy use. Although 91{%} of farms in Tanzania are unfertilized, the large contribution of fertilized farms to N losses causes unfertilized farms to make up just 83{%} of the food production N footprint. In a developing country like Tanzania, the main audiences for the N footprint tool are community leaders, planners, and developers who can impact decision-making and use the calculator to plan positive changes for nitrogen sustainability in the developing world. %B Environmental Research Letters %V 12 %G eng %R 10.1088/1748-9326/aa5c42