@article {70,
	title = {Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction{\textemdash}invited paper},
	journal = {European Journal of Agronomy},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1-15},
	abstract = {Emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere are considered a threat to the environment and both United Nation treaty and European Union legislation increasingly limit emissions. Livestock farming is the major source of atmospheric NH3 in Europe and field applied manure contributes significantly to the emission of NH3 from
agriculture. This paper presents a review of studies of NH3 emission from field-applied animal manure and of the methods available for its reduction. It is shown that there is a complex relationship between the NH3 emission rate from slurry and the slurry composition, soil conditions and climate. It is concluded that simple empirical models cannot be used to predict ammonia emission from the wide range of circumstances found in European agriculture and
that a more mechanistic approach is required. NH3 emission from applied solid manure and poultry manure has been studied less intensively than slurry but appear to be controlled by similar mechanisms. The use of trail hoses, pre- or post-application cultivation, reduction in slurry viscosity, choice of application rate and timing and slurry injection were considered as reduction techniques. The most effective methods of reducing ammonia emissions were concluded to be incorporation of the animal slurry and farmyard manure or slurry injection. Incorporation should be as close to the application as possible, especially after slurry application, as loss rates are high in the 1st hours after application. Injection is a very efficient reduction technique, provided the slurry is applied at rates that can be contained in the furrows made by the injector tine.},
	keywords = {EPNB},
	author = {Sommer, S. G, Hutchings, N. J}
}
@article {64,
	title = {AMMONIA EMISSION FROM MINERAL},
	journal = {Advances in Agronomy},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved
in NH3 emission from inorganic N fertilizers and fertilized crops is required
if reliable and operational NH3 emission factors and decision support systems
for inorganic fertilizers are to be developed, taking into account the actual
soil properties, climatic conditions and management factors. For this reason,
the present review focuses on processes involved in NH3 volatilization from
inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and the exchange of ammonia between crop
foliage and the atmosphere.
The proportion of nitrogen lost from N fertilizers due to NH3 volatilization
may range from <0 to .50\%, depending on fertilizer type, environmental
conditions (temperature, wind speed, rain), and soil properties (calcium
content, cation exchange capacity, acidity). The risk for high NH3 losses may
be reduced by proper management strategies including, e.g., incorporation of
the fertilizer into the soil, use of acidic fertilizers on calcareous soils, use of
fertilizers with a high content of carbonate-precipitating cations, split
applications to rice paddies or application to the soil surface beneath the
crop canopy. The latter takes advantage of the relatively low wind speed
within well-developed canopies, reducing the rate of vertical NH3 transport
and increasing foliar NH3 absorption. Conversely, NH3 is emitted from
the leaves when the internal NH3 concentration is higher than that in the
ambient atmosphere as may often be the case, particularly during periods
with rapid N absorption by the roots or during senescence induced
N-remobilization from leaves. Between 1 and 4\% of shoot N may be lost
in this way. },
	author = {Sommer, S. G and Schjoerring, Jan K. and Denmead,  O. T}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Ammonia in the environment: From ancient times to the present},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {583-604},
	abstract = {Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and
environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context.
It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing
how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies
the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as
a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in
alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental
research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize
the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams
and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few
measurements, which should be a future priority.},
	keywords = {Air chemistry, Alchemy, Deposition, Emissions, EPNB, NH3 sal ammoniac, Nushadir},
	author = {Mark A. Sutton and Jan Willem Erisman and Frank Dentener and Detlev M{\"o}ller}
}
@inbook {Leip2011p,
	title = {{Agri-Environmental Nitrogen Indicators for EU27}},
	booktitle = {Bio-Economic Models applied to Agricultural Systems},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {109{\textendash}123},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Nitrogen is a key element to ensure modern agriculture{\textquoteright}s output, sustaining global food, feed, fibre and now bio-energy production. But it also accounts also for, or at least contributes to, key environmental problems that challenge the well functioning of today{\textquoteright}s societies (Sutton et al. 2011). One molecule of nitrogen can contribute to one or many environmental problems, including eutrophication, groundwater pollution via leaching and run-off of nitrates and organic nitrogen, climate change via N2O emissions, acidification via ammonia emissions and may affect human health via ozone formation or biodiversity via nitrogen deposition on natural areas. This multiple impact of nitrogen is often referred to as the {\textquotedblleft}nitrogen cascade{\textquotedblright} (Galloway et al. 2003). Accordingly, agri-environmental indicator frameworks typically feature several indicators related to nitrogen such as ammonia emissions, use of nitrogen fertilisers, gross N surplus, nitrates in water or GHG emissions (EEA 2005). Often, however, these indicators are calculated independently from each other based on sometimes contradicting data sources, methodologies or assumptions (see e.g. Grizzetti et al. 2007). This includes also the first overview of the {\textquotedblleft}European Nitrogen Case{\textquotedblright} that was presented by van Egmond et al. (2002) at the second International Nitrogen Conference held in Potomac (USA). Thus, a system that calculates the detailed nitrogen balance and the related indicators for agriculture in Europe on the basis of consistent data sets and advanced methodologies is highly desirable. A closed balance of nitrogen is calculated in the CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact) model, i.e., next to monetary values and product balances, also the nutrient fluxes are in accordance with the law of mass-conservation (Britz et al., 2007). This has been exploited by Leip et al. (2011b) to develop nitrogen budgets for the system boundaries of the soil, land, and the farm. The authors provide for the first time mutually consistent calculations of farm, land and soil N-budgets for all member states of the European Union and quantify the two major indicators, namely the nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen surplus for each of the N-budgets. The data showed that the nitrogen surplus increases for the soil {\textless} land {\textless} farm budget, while the nitrogen use efficiency decreases analogically for soil {\textgreater} land {\textgreater} farm budgets. The farm N-budget appeared to be the most relevant one giving a picture of the overall N management of agriculture and is accordingly recommended for integrative studies assessing the {\textquotedblleft}nitrogen footprint{\textquotedblright} of society. Based on the work of Leip et al. (2011b), we propose in this chapter three additional nitrogen indicators focusing even more on the use society in European countries makes of their productive land.},
	keywords = {mypublications},
	isbn = {978-94-007-1901-9},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-1902-6_6},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/pq4846/{\#}section=954524{\&}page=1{\&}locus=0},
	author = {Leip, Adrian and Weiss, Franz and Britz, Wolfgang},
	editor = {Flichman, Guillermo}
}
@article {Zurek2018,
	title = {{Assessing Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security of the EU Food System {\textemdash} An Integrated Approach}},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {10},
	number = {11},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {4271},
	doi = {10.3390/su10114271},
	author = {Zurek, Monika and Hebinck, Aniek and Leip, Adrian and Vervoort, Joost and Kuiper, Marijke and Garrone, Maria and Havlik, Petr and Heckelei, Thomas and Hornborg, Sara and Ingram, John and Kuijsten, Anneleen and Shutes, Lindsay and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Terluin, Ida and van{\textquoteright}t Veer, Pieter and Wijnands, Jo and Zimmermann, Andrea and Achterbosch, Thom J. and Havl, Petr}
}
@article {242,
	title = {Appetite for Change: Food system options for nitrogen, environment \& health. 2nd European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen \& Food},
	year = {2023},
	institution = {UK Centre for Ecology \& Hydrology},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	isbn = {978-1-906698-83-6},
	issn = {INMS Report 2023/01},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10406450},
	author = {Adrian Leip and Jan Wollgast and Susanna Kugelberg and Jo{\~a}o C Leite and Rob J M Maas and Kate E Mason and Mark A Sutton}
}
@article {69,
	title = {Ammonia emissions from mineral fertylisers and fertylised crops },
	journal = {Advances in Agronomy},
	volume = {82},
	year = {In Press},
	abstract = {A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in NH3 emission from inorganic N fertilizers and fertilized crops is required
if reliable and operational NH3 emission factors and decision support systems for inorganic fertilizers are to be developed, taking into account the actual
soil properties, climatic conditions and management factors. For this reason, the present review focuses on processes involved in NH3 volatilization from
inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and the exchange of ammonia between crop foliage and the atmosphere. The proportion of nitrogen lost from N fertilizers due to NH3 volatilization may range from <0 to .50\%, depending on fertilizer type, environmental conditions (temperature, wind speed, rain), and soil properties (calcium
content, cation exchange capacity, acidity). The risk for high NH3 losses may be reduced by proper management strategies including, e.g., incorporation of
the fertilizer into the soil, use of acidic fertilizers on calcareous soils, use of fertilizers with a high content of carbonate-precipitating cations, split
applications to rice paddies or application to the soil surface beneath the crop canopy. The latter takes advantage of the relatively low wind speed
within well-developed canopies, reducing the rate of vertical NH3 transport and increasing foliar NH3 absorption. Conversely, NH3 is emitted from
the leaves when the internal NH3 concentration is higher than that in the ambient atmosphere as may often be the case, particularly during periods
with rapid N absorption by the roots or during senescence induced N-remobilization from leaves. Between 1 and 4\% of shoot N may be lost in this way.},
	keywords = {EPNB},
	author = {Sommer, S. G and Schjoerring, J. K and Denmead, O. D}
}
